RLC_23.pdf — visszajelzés / feedback

Feedback on Váltakozó áram R, L, C elemekkel (RLC_23.pdf, 2026-06-02)

Scope of this review. The full 26-page document was read, and every numerical example was independently recomputed (all impedances, phase angles, the t₁ = 3 ms instantaneous-value checks, the resonance/bandwidth/Q tables, and both filter design tasks). Each item below was then cross-checked a second time against the exact wording on the cited page. Page numbers refer to the PDF pages (the document itself carries no printed page numbers).

Overall result first: the model is internally consistent and essentially all of the mathematics checks out. The phasor/triangle approach, the impedance and admittance triangles, all six transfer functions, the band-edge results x₁·x₂ = 1 and BW = x₂ − x₁, the series/parallel reciprocity B = 1/A, and both design tasks (L = 50 µH with R = 10 Ω series / R = 2000 Ω parallel) were all verified as correct. The full list of verified results is in the Appendix at the end of this file. What follows are the few places that would benefit from correction, plus some optional suggestions.


1. Two genuine mathematical corrections

These are the only two items that are real mathematical errors rather than typos; both are localized, and neither harms the paper's main results.

1.1 The sin²/cos² half-angle identities are swapped (pp. 3 and 26)

This error appears in two places that reference each other.

Appendix 4/A (p. 26) states:

sin²(x) = ½ − ½·cos(2x) = 1/2·[1 + cos(2x)] cos²(x) = 1 − sin²(x) = 1 − 1/2 − 1/2·cos(2x) = 1/2·[1 cos(2x)]

The two bracketed results are swapped. The correct identities are:

Quick test at x = 0: sin²(0) = 0, but ½·[1 + cos(0)] = 1. Note that the intermediate step on the same line, "½ − ½·cos(2x)", is already correct — only the final bracketed form contradicts it. (In the cos² line, the substitution should give 1 − ½ + ½·cos(2x).)

Consequence in Chapter 2 (p. 3). The resistor's instantaneous power is expanded using this identity:

P(t) = U0·I0·sin²(ωt) = … = Peff·[1 + cos(2ωt)]

With the sine convention u(t) = U0·sin(ωt) used throughout the document, the correct result is

P(t) = Ueff·Ieff·[1 − cos(2ωt)]

which is zero at t = 0 (as it must be, since sin(0) = 0) and peaks at ωt = π/2. The left-hand figure on p. 3 currently starts at the maximum 2·Ueff·Ieff at ωt = 0, matching the sign-flipped formula; with the correction the curve starts at 0. (The + version would be correct for a cosine source, u = U0·cos(ωt).)

Important: the time average of cos(2ωt) is zero either way, so the central result of the chapter — Peff = Ueff·Ieff, and the entire effective-value discussion — is unaffected. Only the sign inside the bracket and the phase of the plotted P(t) curve change.

1.2 The instantaneous power of the pure inductance (p. 7)

Page 7 expands the inductor's power using the product formula:

P(t) = uL0· iL0·1/2·[cos(π/2)·sin(2ωt)] = 0, lévén a cos(π/2)=0

The bracket should contain a difference, not a product. With x = ωt+π/2 and y = ωt, the identity sin(x)·sin(y) = ½·[cos(x−y) − cos(x+y)] gives

P(t) = uL0·iL0·½·[cos(π/2) − cos(2ωt+π/2)] = (uL0·iL0/2)·sin(2ωt)

So the instantaneous power is not identically zero — it oscillates at 2ω with amplitude uL0·iL0/2 (≈ 15 V · 238,7 mA / 2 ≈ 1,79 W with the document's numbers), alternately charging the magnetic field and returning energy to the generator. What is zero is its time average — so the chapter's physical conclusion ("no real power arises on the inductance") remains correct for the average; only the claim that P(t) itself vanishes needs fixing. (The analogous RL calculation on p. 8 applies the same identity correctly.)


2. Small numerical slips (three)

PageAs printedShould beNote
p. 6iLeff = 10,6V/62,83Ω = 170,1 mA168,8 mA10,607/62,832 = 0,16881 A; cross-check: 238,7 mA/√2 = 168,8 mA
p. 8φ = 0,5609 rad = 30,57°32,14°0,5609 rad = 32,14°; sin(30,57°) would be 0,509, not the stated 0,5320. The document itself uses the correct 32,14° a few lines later.
p. 11uL(t1) = … = 3,0184 V3,0814 VDigit transposition. 83,45 mA · 62,82 Ω · cos(0,9425) = 3,0814 V. The document's own sum check on p. 12 already uses 3,0814 V — and balances perfectly: 6,7509 + 3,0814 − 10,4085 = −0,5762 V = ug(t₁).

3. The Chapter 8 current convention (p. 11)

The summary line on p. 11 lists

i(t) = I0*cos(ωt) and then i(t1) = 83,45·cos(…) = 49,05 mA

This contradicts the sine convention used for every other quantity in the document (and in the same line: uR(t) = i(t)·R, uL(t) = uL0·sin(ωt+π/2), …). The printed value uR(t₁) = 6,75059 V in fact equals I0·R·sin(ωt₁) — i.e. it is computed with the sine convention, under which i(t₁) = I0·sin(ωt₁) = 67,5 mA, and uR(t₁) = i(t₁)·R = 6,751 V. ✓

Two small fixes make the page self-consistent:

Everything downstream (uL, uC, ug, and the p. 12 sum check) is correct.


4. Typos and unit slips

#PageAs printedShould be
1p. 9"90° fokot, radiánban π/4 -et … negyed periódust késik"π/2 (the same sentence's "quarter period" and the later uC(t) = uC0·sin(ωt−π/2) are correct)
2p. 9"f=50Hz, L=15µF mellett a kapacitív impedancia"C = 15 µF
3p. 9"Definíciója: C = ΔQ/Δt = IΔt/ΔU"C = ΔQ/ΔU (the second form I·Δt/ΔU and the dimension [C] = As/V right after it are both correct)
4p. 9"XC = 1/(2πf·C) = 1/(2·PI·15e-6) = 212,2 Ω"the substitution omits the factor f = 50; the value 212,2 Ω is correct
5p. 11"ug0=15V, f=50Hz, R=100Ω, L=200mH, C=15pF"C = 15 µF (the computed XC = 212,2 Ω confirms it; 15 pF at 50 Hz would give ≈ 212 MΩ)
6p. 10"Δt = T·φ/(2π) = 1/φ·φ/(2π) = −3,598 ms"1/f (T = 1/f); the value is correct
7p. 12"20*G(ω) = 20log(1/√(1+x²)) = −10·log(1+x²)"left side should be GdB = 20·log G(ω)
8p. 13"x<<0 esetére: GdB(x) = −10·log(1+0) = 10·0 = 0"x ≪ 1, and −10·0 = 0
9p. 13"a hiba √2/2 = 70,71 százalékos, vagyis −20·log(0.705) = −3,01 db"the transmitted level is 70,7 % (the error is ≈ 29,3 %); and the expression should read 20·log(0,7071) = −3,01 dB (as printed, −20·log(0,705) evaluates to +3,04); also "db" → "dB"
10p. 14"x = ω/ω07f/f0"x = ω/ω0 = f/f0
11p. 21"f0 = √(1/(50µH·2nF)) = 503 kHz"f0 = (1/2π)·√(1/LC) — as written, the expression evaluates to 19,87 MHz (off by exactly (2π)²); the stated 503 kHz is correct
12p. 24"Számítandó L az induktivitás és a soros ellenállás R" (in the parallel design task)párhuzamos ellenállás (the "cél paraméterei" line above it already says this correctly)
13p. 10"uC(t=3ms) = ug0·XC/Z·sin(ωt−π/2) = … = −7,976 V"the leading minus should not be there (uC0 = +ug0·XC/Z); as printed the expression evaluates to +7,976 V, while the stated result −7,976 V is the correct value and is what balances the loop check

5. Appendix cross-referencing

The internal references to the appendix don't always point at the right section, and one section number is duplicated:

A simple remedy that fixes all of these at once: number the appendix formulas (F1.1, F3.2, …) and cite those numbers in the main text.


6. Suggestions (not errors)

These are optional polish ideas; none of them affects correctness.

  1. Unify the sign convention for φ. Chapter 5 writes ug(t) = ug0·sin(ωt + φ), while p. 11 writes ug(t) = ug0·sin(ωt φ), and its substitution 15·sin(ωt₁ − 0,9809) is consistent with the Chapter-5 form only if φ = −0,9809 rad. One fixed convention — e.g. always ug(t) = ug0·sin(ωt + φ), with φ > 0 meaning the generator voltage leads the current — plus a small summary box ("siet/késik" ⇔ sign of φ) would prevent any ambiguity.
  2. A clarifying sentence on projections in Chapter 8. The i(t) = I0·cos(ωt) slip (Section 3 above) likely comes from mixing the vertical projection of a rotating vector (sin) with its initial-position component (cos). One sentence distinguishing the two would preempt the confusion for readers as well.
  3. Unit hygiene inside substitutions. E.g. p. 8: "I0 = ug0/Z = 15/118,1mA = 127 mA" reads literally as 15/(118,1 mA). Writing "15 V / 118,1 Ω = 127 mA" keeps the dimensions visible. Similarly, on p. 13 the argument of a logarithm should be dimensionless: "−20·log(ωL)" works out only in normalized form, −20·log(x) with x = ω/ω0.
  4. Unify number formatting. Decimal commas and points are mixed (e.g. "0,9425" on pp. 6–11 vs. "1.0652-0.93875" on p. 16), as are E-notation and powers of ten ("2E-9" vs. "15e-6" vs. "·10⁻⁶").
  5. Redundant encoding besides color. The color conventions (blue = inductive, green = capacitive, red = resistive, purple/lila = generator) are explained on p. 1 and work beautifully on screen — but are lost in grayscale print and for color-blind readers. Distinct dash styles or markers on the curves, and labels next to the vectors, would carry the same information redundantly.
  6. A symbol table. A short jelölésjegyzék (symbol, meaning, unit — u vs. U, index 0 for peak, eff for RMS, X, Y, Z, A, B, Q, BWx vs. BWf, x = f/f0) at the front would complement the color legend.
  7. One summary table connecting Q, BW, and the form factors. The relations BWf = A·f0 = f0/Q, Q = 1/A (series) and Q = 1/B (parallel), and B = 1/A are all present but scattered across pp. 15–24; collecting them in one small table next to the reciprocity discussion (p. 24, which is a highlight of the paper) would make the duality even more striking.
  8. Optional outlook: the complex-impedance bridge. The document deliberately — and successfully — avoids complex numbers. A single closing paragraph noting that the OAB triangles are the complex plane (Z = R + j(ωL − 1/ωC), |Z| = the hypotenuse, φ = the argument) would connect the geometric method to the standard literature for readers who continue, at no cost to the self-contained approach.
  9. After the Section 1.1 fix, a one-line remark in Chapter 2 that P(t) starts at zero for a sine source (and at the maximum for a cosine source) would tie the corrected formula to the corrected figure.

Appendix: independently verified results (all correct as printed)

Recomputed from scratch; document values reproduced in all cases.

Chapter 4 (L at 50 Hz, L = 200 mH): XL = 62,83 Ω; iL0 = 238,7 mA; uLeff = 10,6 V; ωt₁ = 0,9425 rad = 54,0°; uL(t₁) = 8,817 V; iL(t₁) = 193,1 mA; average power = 0 on the pure inductance (the instantaneous P(t) = (uL0·iL0/2)·sin(2ωt) oscillates at 2ω — see Section 1.2).

Chapter 5 (series RL): Z = 118,10 Ω; sin φ = 0,5320; φ = 0,561 rad = 32,14°; I0 = 127,0 mA; Δt = −1,786 ms; loop check at t₁ = 3 ms: 14,966 V = 4,691 V + 10,275 V ✓.

Chapter 6 (C at 50 Hz, C = 15 µF): XC = 212,2 Ω; iC0 = 70,7 mA; uC(t₁) = −8,817 V; iC(t₁) = 57,19 mA.

Chapter 7 (series RC): Z = 234,6 Ω; I0 = 63,94 mA; sin φ = −0,9045; φ = −1,1304 rad = −64,77°; Δt = −3,598 ms; loop check: −2,803 V = −7,976 V + 5,173 V ✓.

Chapter 8 (series RLC): XL − XC = −149,4 Ω; Z = 179,8 Ω; I0 = 83,45 mA; φ = −0,9809 rad; uR(t₁) = 6,7509 V; uL(t₁) = 3,0814 V; uC(t₁) = −10,4085 V; ug(t₁) = −0,5762 V; loop check ✓.

Chapter 9 / Part B (filters, L = 50 µH, C = 2 nF): f0 = 503,3 kHz; series form factor A = √(R²C/L) = 0,0316 / 0,0632 / 0,1265 and Q = 31,62 / 15,81 / 7,91 for R = 5 / 10 / 20 Ω; band edges x₁ = 0,93875, x₂ = 1,0652 with x₁·x₂ = 1,0000 ✓ and BW = (x₂−x₁)·f0 = 63,6–63,7 kHz; series design (f0 = 503 kHz, C = 2 nF, Q = 15,81) → L = 50 µH, R = 10 Ω ✓; parallel form factor B = √(L/(R²C)) with BW = 159 / 79,6 / 39,8 kHz and Q = 3,16 / 6,33 / 12,65 for R = 500 / 1000 / 2000 Ω ✓; parallel design (Q = 12,6) → R = 1992 ≈ 2000 Ω ✓; A·B = 1 ✓; RL low-pass design (section 9/1) L = R/(2πf0) = 1,59 ≈ 1,6 mH ✓; RC high-pass design (9/2) C = 1/(2πf0R) = 15,9 ≈ 16 pF ✓.

Appendix: angle-addition constructions, product formulas (sin·sin, cos·cos), and the geometric derivation of Δsin(x)/Δx = cos(x), Δcos(x)/Δx = −sin(x) — all correct (only the half-angle identities of Section 1.1 above need the sign swap).